įurthermore, stem cells can be classified based on their ability to differentiate. This was made possible by retroviruses, which were used to carry genes for transcription factors in adult cells. These cells share some of the same characteristics as embryonic stem cells such as proliferation, morphology and gene expression. Adult stem cells were recently induced to develop into a pluripotent state in cells called iPSCs. They are present in all tissues of the body and are important for repair and renewal when tissues or organs are damaged. Adult stem cells can be categorized according to the tissue of origin, such as placenta and umbilical cord stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and adipose-derived MSCs. Embryonic stem cells can be obtained from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and are capable of differentiating into all three germ layers. A stem cell is comprised of many distinct cell types, namely embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). During the embryonic stage of development, these cells play an important role in forming organs, and in adults, they help in organ repair as well as renewal of tissue functions. Stem cells are defined as undifferentiated cells capable of perpetual self-renewal and have the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types. The transplantation of stem cells was applied just recently in the therapeutic measures of pain, as it has shown promising outcomes for the management of multiple disease entities including neuropathic pain, degenerative diseases of the joints, musculoskeletal pain that is unresponsive to the standard medical treatment, and intervertebral disc (IVD) disease. Thereafter, stem cell attraction and interest have been growing. Back in 1998, the initial cultivation of embryonic stem cells derived from a human was successfully established. On the other hand, the term “stem cells” points to the cells that are undifferentiated and have the capability to differentiate and replicate into variable types of tissue. A noted increment in chronic pain prevalence is correlated to adult life, estimating it to be at a rate of 11% to 19%. In developed countries, about 30% of patients complain of moderately severe to severe pain which has lasted longer than six months. This type of pain is a consequence of psychologic, biologic, and social factors in which the evaluation and management usually require a multifactorial approach. The term “chronic pain” refers to pain quality that remains persistent after the healing process or is present without the existence of tissue damage, which typically lasts more than three months.
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